Blood

"In this study, the popliteal vein of a healthy volunteer was imaged with ultrasonography prior to and following the placement of an idle, but active smartphone against her knee for 5 min. Pre-exposure longitudinal sonographic images demonstrate a normal anechoic lumen to the popliteal vein. Images obtained 5 min after direct skin exposure to the smartphone demonstrate a dramatic change in the acoustic appearance of the vessel. The interior of the vessel became coarsely hypoechoic with sluggish flow seen in real-time images, a typical sonographic appearance for rouleaux formation. A follow up examination performed 5 min after the subject walked around yielded continued rouleaux formation in the popliteal vein, albeit less dramatic than that observed immediately post exposure."

"Although rouleaux formation is recognized as a transient phenomenon, we hypothesize that habitual cellphone usage, common in the population, would re-expose individuals over and over again to this abnormal hematologic state. Chronic, long-term exposure to radiofrequency radiation may therefore lead to recurrent, chronic RBC aggregation and increased blood viscosity, potentially causing significant morbidity in certain patient populations, particularly diabetics and those with hypertension, ischemic heart disease, cerebrovascular insufficiency, prethrombotic states, and peripheral vascular disease."

"The results have demonstrated a significant elevation in transaminases (AST, ALT), blood calcium (Ca++), blood potassium (K+), total serum cholesterol (TSCH), triacylglycerols (TAGs), very low density lipoprotein (VLDL), and low density lipoprotein (LDL) beside a significant decline in high density lipoprotein (HDL) of all Subjected samples as compared with the Non subjected ones at (P≤0.05). We concluded that the cellular phone towers do affect the human health."

"The results of the study reveal that 900 MHz RF is another risk factor that has the potential to contribute to the development of diabetes. Morover, they showed that diabetic rats were more sensitive to 900 MHz RFR originating from mobile phones. People with diabetes should avoid cell phone use as much as possible."

"In the study, we found that the Wistar line white rats, exposed to cell phones for 15 minutes, did not change their blood glucose and serum insulin. This shows the usual connection between them, i.e. when blood glucose was low, insulin level was also low. However, when the duration of exposure to cell phone radiation was increased (15-30, 31-45, and 45-60 min/day for 3 months), blood glucose increased because of compensatory increase in insulin levels to control hyperglycemia."

"The results of our study showed an association between an increase in fasting blood glucose and serum insulin in rats under prolonged exposure to a cell phone. We cannot deny the benefits of the services provided by the mobile phone industry, but we also firmly believe that health is more important and cannot be compromised."

"It is concluded that fourth-generation cell phone radiation exposure may affect blood hemostasis and inflammation of mice's kidney and testis tissue. Based on these studies, it is important to increase public consciousness of potential adverse effects of mobile phone radiofrequency electromagnetic radiation exposure."

"The biological effect of exposure to RF-EMF will continue to generate controversies as well as concerns, as different studies have shown a different level of outcomes. This study has particularly shown its associated effect on OS biomarkers and blood parameters. Therefore, it is advised to limit the use of EMF emitting devices for household and occupational activities, where possible, while further studies are being carried out on their potential adverse effect. In addition, it is recommended that policymakers should push for the use of the precautionary principle in the use of this technology generally and encourage further research areas to enable understanding the exact mechanism and site of action upon continuous exposure to such radiations."

"Study showed that increasing exposure time and decreasing distance from the wave source have significant effect on hematologic factors. The distance has more effect than exposure time. Further investigation on protection and reducing the side effects are recommended."

"Acute exposure to EW was responsible for a decrease of neutrophil count with a rise of myeloperoxidase activity explicated by an activation and destruction of neutrophils followed by the release of immature granulocytes. For red cells, an isolated decrease of mean cell volume (MCV) was observed without modification of hemoglobin rate. Theses modifications were more important in blood samples than in human volunteers."

"Raman spectroscopy was performed on GSM 900 and 1800 MHz mobile phone signal exposed red blood cells (RBCs). The observed changes in the Raman spectra of mobile signal exposed RBCs compared to unexposed control suggest reduced hemoglobin-oxygen affinity for the exposed cells."

"Detectable changes in shape and mechanical properties were observed due to mobile signal exposure."

"Experimental results show that there is a significant change on the hematological components. The exposed blood samples were found to display decrease in platelet count only. Hemoglobin level, ESR rate and the WBC counts were found to be increased. While these observations are performed under controlled laboratory conditions, given the tremendous growth in number of mobile phone users, the effects could be a real concern especially in work places and cities even through passive exposure."

"As a result of the present experiment, we can figure out that radiofrequency emitted from mobile has its dangerous effects not only on the blood count, but also on the blood itself from its sedimentation rate and osmotic fragility."

"From the obtained results, it could be concluded that exposure to cell phones radiations results in a marked reduction in various blood parameters that might eventually lead to anemia in association with damage in different organs including liver, kidney, lung, heart, spleen and brain."

"In conclusion, the results of this study indicated that mobile phone exposure during pregnancy could have an important potential to cause oxidative stress and DNA damage in cord blood and placenta. The results of this study also indicated that combined effects of Wi-Fi plus mobile phone exposure have a higher potential to cause synergistic harmful effects."

"The results suggest that the EMR inside the house, which primarily came from internal resources, has a proportional effect on the blood GST activity. Therefore, the duration of stay inside the house and the presence of a Wi-Fi modem also had a proportional effect on e-GST activity. Moreover, the results show that the use of cell phones increased e-GST activity."

"The sequelae of magnetic radiation of the towers of cellular phones were evaluated in this study depending upon a random social volunteer human male samples of ages 25 – 50 years and they were dwelling in houses close to the towers of cellular phones of distances not more than 150 miters far."

"The results have demonstrated a significant elevation in transaminases (AST , ALT), blood calcium (Ca++), blood potassium (K+), total serum cholesterol (TSCH), triacylglycerols (TAGs), very low density lipoprotein (VLDL), and low density lipoprotein (LDL)."

"The results clearly show that HbA is affected by the mobile phone EMF, but the novel finding is that this effect is polarization dependent."

"Chronic exposure to EMF from mobile phones increases hepcidin level with subsequent impairment of iron parameters, in addition to negatively affecting both UIBC and TIBC."

"According to the results of the current research, long-term exposure to EMR emitted from wireless devices had adverse effects on the antioxidant potential of blood. Therefore, to protect individuals from harmful effects of Wi-Fi signals, it is advised to limit the use of such devices for household and occupational activities, if possible."

"It was found that exposure to EMF created by mobile phones affected unsaturated iron binding capacity and total iron binding capacity negatively."

"This study shows that the chronic exposure to 900 MHz radiofrequency radiation from cell phones may induce cytogenetic effects in rat lymphocytes, and this effect is more remarkable for long exposure time."

"It is interesting to note that surface tension of blood, irrespective of blood group, is increased significantly, when blood exposed to radiation produced by mobile phone. Volume flow rate decreases significantly in A, B and AB blood groups, and increases in blood group O, when blood exposed to radiation produced by mobile phone."

"Exposure to high RF-EMFR generated by MPBS is associated with elevated level of HbA1c and prevalence of pre diabetes mellitus among school aged adolescents. RF-EMFR appears to be another risk factor contributing to high levels of HbA1c and incidence of type 2 diabetes mellitus."

"Results showed that serum lipid peroxidation level in both female and male rabbits changed due to the RFR exposure. However, different parameters of the blood biochemistry were affected by exposure in male and female infants. Consequently, the whole-body 1800 MHz GSMlike RFR exposure may lead to oxidative stress and changes on some blood chemistry parameters."

"Exposure to EF may have decreased tissue oxygenation due to reduced erythrocyte deformability. Decrease in erythrocyte zinc level may have caused the impairment in erythrocyte deformability."

"In this paper the effect of mobile phone RF (910 MHz and 940 MHz) on structure and function of HbA was investigated. Oxygen affinity was measured by sodium dithionite with UV–vis spectrophotometer. Structural changes were studied by circular dichroism and fluorescence spectroscopy. The results indicated that mobile phone EMFs altered oxygen affinity and tertiary structure of HbA. Furthermore, the decrease of oxygen affinity of HbA corresponded to the EMFs intensity and time of exposure."